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Sunset Invasion. Legacy of Rome. Sword of Islam. Base version. Categories : Timeless Patches. Navigation menu Namespaces Page Discussion. In this study, Spauwen, et al. In fact, recreational drug use excluding alcohol and erectile dysfunction drugs was significantly linked with high-risk sexual behaviors in men and women.
Also, drug use was independently associated with sexually transmitted infections STI in female swingers, especially those who participate in group sex. Castelo-Branco, et al. They also reported that alcohol removes the barriers to having sex Importantly, they also found that alcohol abuse was a predictive variable in enhancing risky behaviors independent of the age of the female.
It is noteworthy that Jia, et al. Our main tenant is that drugs, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and alcohol, can stimulate sexual desire in non-addicts. In addicts, it is quite different; the same drugs can cause anhedonia on a chronic basis. However, post-addiction during the recovery phase in many cases aphrodisiac-like behaviors have been observed.
A PubMed search using the term 'hypersexuality and withdrawal symptoms' resulted in only five articles, none of which described 'withdrawal symptomatology. Addicts in recovery report increases in eating and an appetite drive for certain foods and abuse of cigarettes during prolonged abstinence. Weight gain has also been demonstrated and documented in recently and prolonged abstinent animals and humans [].
Bruijnzeel made the interesting observation that acute opiate withdrawal can result in spontaneous orgasms []. Importantly, in the article, Bruijnzeel proposed that withdrawal symptomatology from drugs and possibly chronic intensive sexual activity may be due to the unopposed function of kappa opioid receptor signaling that inhibits the release of dopamine while increasing norepinephrine in brain reward circuits. The papers in the literature suffered from a lack of rigor regarding acute and prolonged withdrawal and abstinence confirmed by urine testing.
They also offer education to address the early and prolonged increases in sexual interest and activity, and the relationship of recovery to food and overeating. Hypersexuality-induced withdrawal symptoms have been reported by some investigators with varying degrees of severity and co-morbid substance abuse [-].
As a result of this search, we did not find a single paper describing actual withdrawal symptoms associated with abstinence from active sexual encounters. Most of the papers cited involved the effects of withdrawal from drugs of abuse, such as opioids, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, which can impair sexual activity. A PubMed search revealed only six listed papers using the term 'genes and hypersexuality' mostly focusing on articles related to Kleine-Levin syndrome KLS , a very rare disease whereby hypersexuality could last up to 27 years.
However, when we used the terms 'sexual activity and genes,' 2, articles were listed, and we provide a brief synopsis of a few important neurogenetic aspects. It is our hypothesis that both hedonic and anhedonic behaviors are outcomes in part of an individual's risk alleles for these behaviors and that treatment consists of appropriately targeting these identified polymorphisms.
Following the controversial initial finding by Blum, et al. The studies cover the psychiatric gene polymorphism, the DRD2 Al allele, and associated behaviors and physiology. There is, however, a paucity of data linking sexual activity to this and other related genes despite the overwhelming evidence for mesolimbic activation, especially in dopaminergic pathways and neuronal loci related to sexual stimuli and activity.
It is noteworthy that Blum and Noble correctly classified the DRD2 gene as a generalized reward gene responsible for all reward deficiency syndrome RDS behavior. The first association of any gene polymorphism and sexual activity did not occur until when Miller, et al. The basic finding is that the dopaminergic system in the brain seems to play a major role in the regulation of sexual behavior.
The relationship between genes for the Dl, D2, and D4 dopamine receptors and age at first sexual intercourse AFSI was examined in a sample of non-Hispanic, European-American men and women. A constrained regression model was constructed predicting AFSI using sex and a group of nine psychosocial variables as predictors.
The fact that these findings suggest a stronger association among males than among females is in agreement with the recent work of others showing higher sexual stimuli response in males than in females [].
So maybe 'men are from Mars and women from Venus' and this may even be true for cocaine abuse []. Specifically, both preclinical and clinical studies have shown sexually dimorphic patterns in behavioral responses to cocaine in all phases of the cocaine addiction process induction, maintenance, and relapse.
Thus, a clear picture is emerging which suggests that there is a biological basis of sex-specific differences in cocaine addiction. These differences result from the disparate regulation of the CNS by male and female gonadal hormones and may be predicted by the presence of DRD2 gene polymorphisms [].
Moreover, it is known that genetic associations between COMT and various psychiatric phenotypes frequently show differences between men and women. These include the functional Val Met polymorphism in COMT being associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder in men and with anxiety phenotypes in women.
Miller, et al. However, others found a significant association in certain ethnic groups. Interestingly, the risk of first sex does not differ between the two genotypes in the African-American sample, raising the question of cultural upbringing []. The sexual experience, like repeated drug use, produces long-term changes, including sensitization in the nucleus accumbens NAc and dorsal striatum.
Bradley, et al. They found that in comparison with sexually naive animals, sexually experienced hamsters receiving a stimulus male on Week 7 exhibited an increase in a large number of genes. Conversely, sexually experienced female hamsters not receiving a stimulus male on Week 7 exhibited a reduction in the expression of many genes.
According to the authors, this first ever gene profiling in female hamsters may provide an insight into the mechanisms by which both behaviors sex and drugs of abuse induce long-term changes in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways. This type of stimulation has been found to induce a significant increase in the number of synapses in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the molecular layer of the motor cortex in rats.
A single exposure to cocaine in naive animals is sufficient to trigger sustained changes in ventral tegmental area VTA glutamatergic synapses that resemble activity-dependent LTP in other brain regions.
This cocaine-induced LTP appears to be mediated via dopamine D5 receptor activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA receptors and to require protein synthesis [], once again supporting our premise proposed here that drugs and sex may have common neurochemical substrates. Empirical research has revealed a positive relationship between the number of sex partners and involvement in antisocial behaviors [].
Most attempts to explain this association have taken an evolutionary perspective. From the evolutionary perspective, the same traits, for example, impulsiveness, shortsightedness, and aggressiveness, that are related to a large number of sex partners are also related to criminal involvement.
However, there is also reason to believe that the co-variation between sex partners and crime behaviors can be partially explained by a common genetic pathway, where genes that are related to sex partner numbers are also related to antisocial conduct. Using the above-described rationale, Beaver et al.
The polymorphic effect of the DAT l gene and the number of sexual partners may be due an association found between certain polymorphisms and male premature penile ejaculation. A positive correlation of both DRD2 and the DATl polymorphisms were observed with pathological violence in adolescents in a blinded clinical trial.
Moreover, though initially conceptualized as resulting from peer imitation of child-onset or life-course-persistent youth, there is mounting evidence from twin studies that adolescent-onset or adolescent-limited antisocial behavior may also be genetically influenced. Burt and Mikolajewski not only confirmed these findings with the DATl gene but extended these findings to include the HisTyr variant of the gene encoding the 5-HT2A receptor as well [], More recently, Jozkow et al.
Moreover, Sales, et al. It is known that polymorphisms in noncoding regions of the vasopressin la receptor gene Avpr la are linked to socio-emotional characteristics in humans, chimpanzees, and voles, and may due to a site-specific variation in gene expression. According to Barrett, et al. In fact, vasopressin la receptor VlaR signaling is necessary for the formation of the pair bond in males. Interestingly, social prairie voles exhibit greater VlaR binding in the reward processing ventral pallidum than do asocial voles of the same genus.
Barrett, et al. Other work by Garcia, et al. The DRD2 associations apply to both men and women, whereas the other links apply to women only.
Finally, Emanuele, et al. A review of the literature reveals that a number of recent articles point out the importance of epigenetic effects on sexual activity. For example, Matsuda reviewed the epigenetic changes of the estrogen receptor a ERalpha and influence on sociosexual behavior []. In fact, alteration of ER alpha gene activity mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation, alters one's sexual behaviors. In terms of homosexuality, Rice, et al. They explain that this model is based on epigenetic marks laid down in response to the XX vs.
XY karyotype in embryonic stem cells. Accordingly, these marks boost sensitivity to testosterone in XY fetuses and lower it in XX fetuses, thereby canalizing sexual development. Work by Gundersen [], and Wang, et al.
Specifically, Wang, et al. This partner preference formation was associated with an upregulation of oxytocin receptor OTR, oxtr and vasopressin V la receptor VlaR, avprla in the NAc, through an increase in histone acetylation at their respective promoters.
There is interest growing evidence that indicates that females actively engage in polyandry either to avoid genetic incompatibility or to bias paternity in favor of genetically superior males. There is the possibility that selection of superior male fitness may be due epigenetic effects. According to Zeh and Zeh, unlike DNA sequence-based variation, epigenetic variation can be strongly influenced by environmental and stochastic effects experienced during the lifetime of an individual [].
They suggest that epigenetic variation may be important for the post-copulatory sexual selection and may account for findings linking sperm competitive ability to offspring fitness.
Eysenck proposed a positive correlation between extraversion and intensified sexual behavior and between neuroticism and problems in sexual behavior anti-social behavior. An earlier study with married people did not show any of these correlations. It was hypothesized that this connection exists only for unmarried persons not engaged in long-lasting relationships because the quality of the relationship determines the sexual interaction.
Within a sample of young unmarried men, there was a positive correlation between extraversion and items in which the person described earlier sexual activity with more individuals and in higher frequency.
No correlation was found with neuroticism. There were also slight correlations with other personality and social attitude scales. Because of the correlation with an acting-out personality scale, the findings were interpreted from a social-psychological perspective.
In today's society, the young male is expected to take the initiative in a sexual interaction that an extraverted young male can realize better than one who is introverted []. This perspective is in direct agreement with Richard Brodie's idea about selfish genes of the mind [75].
From the DNA's point of view, of course, anthropologists would agree 'we're still here for one reason only; to go forth and multiply. In fact, if there are genes that give people the tendency to take on memes that limit their number of offspring, they will die out in a few generations in favor of genes that give people a tendency to acquire children.
Although somewhat controversial, unfortunately, a number of studies suggest Homo sapiens over the last 42, years have lowered their IQs due to selective mating [76]. Smillie and associates studied and found that one copy of the DRD2 gene Al allele was associated with significantly higher extraversion []. This association raises an interesting question in terms of human procreation.
Comings suggested that because of their marked effect on reproductive behavior, learning disorders and other impulsive, compulsive, aggressive, and addictive disorders those carriers of the DRD2 Al have the potential to cause progressive and permanent changes in the frequency of the DRD2Al allele 'leading to the genetic meltdown of the species' [78].
In his book, Comings provides evidence that people with addictive-disruptive behaviors have children earlier, and this impacts the selection of addiction genes like the DRD2 Al allele [79]. The Pope calls for a Crusade to protect the Christians in the Holy Land even as he refuses to relinquish control over the investiture of bishops — and their riches. Now is the time for greatness. Expand your demesne and secure the future of your dynasty. Fill your coffers, appoint vassals, root out traitors and heretics, introduce laws and interact with hundreds of nobles, each with their own agenda.
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